| name | Retinoids (e.g., tretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene) |
| classification | Differentiation-inducing agents; keratolytic agents |
| pharmacokinetics | Topical application; metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine and bile. Systemic absorption is low but can vary based on formulation and individual factors. Absorption may increase with higher concentrations and frequent application. |
| suggested dosage | Start with low concentration (e.g., 0.025% tretinoin) and apply a thin layer once daily at night. Gradually increase frequency or concentration as tolerated. Consult a dermatologist for personalized recommendations. |
| indications | | 1 | Acne vulgaris treatment | | 2 | Fine lines and wrinkles reduction | | 3 | Hyperpigmentation treatment | | 4 | Skin rejuvenation |
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| safety in pregnancy | Pregnancy Category X. Avoid use during pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs while using, discontinue immediately and consult a healthcare professional. |
| safety in breastfeeding | Limited data. Caution advised; some retinoids may pass into breast milk. Discuss with a healthcare provider before use. |
| side effects | | 1 | Skin irritation (redness, dryness, peeling) | | 2 | Burning sensation | | 3 | Photosensitivity (increased sun sensitivity) | | 4 | Allergic reactions (rash, itching) |
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| alternatives | |
| contraindications | | 1 | Known hypersensitivity to retinoids | | 2 | Active skin infections or inflammatory conditions | | 3 | Severe skin conditions (e.g., severe eczema) | | 4 | Severe sunburns |
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| interactions | Possible interactions with other topical and/or oral medications. Discuss all medications with your dermatologist. |
| warnings and precautions | | 1 | Avoid sun exposure and use high SPF sunscreen | | 2 | Use moisturizer to prevent dryness | | 3 | Start with low concentrations to minimize side effects | | 4 | Discontinue and consult a dermatologist if adverse reactions occur |
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| additional information | Stimulate collagen production, improving skin texture and reducing wrinkles over time. Results vary among individuals and require consistent use. |
