| name | Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs) |
| classification | Hormonal Contraceptives |
| pharmacokinetics | COCs contain estrogen and progestin, which are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Their effects primarily involve negative feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Specific pharmacokinetic parameters vary depending on the formulation and individual patient factors. Metabolism predominantly occurs in the liver, with subsequent excretion primarily in the urine and feces. |
| suggested dosage | Dosage varies significantly based on the specific COC formulation. Consult a healthcare professional for appropriate recommendations. |
| indications | | 1 | Prevention of pregnancy | | 2 | Regulation of menstrual cycles | | 3 | Reduction of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) | | 4 | Management of acne | | 5 | Management of hirsutism | | 6 | Management of other conditions related to hormonal imbalances |
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| safety in pregnancy | ABSOLUTELY CONTRAINDICATED. Do not use during pregnancy. |
| safety in breastfeeding | May interfere with breast milk production and composition. Consult a healthcare professional. |
| side effects | | 1 | Nausea | | 2 | Vomiting | | 3 | Breast tenderness | | 4 | Headaches | | 5 | Mood changes | | 6 | Weight changes | | 7 | Changes in blood pressure and/or blood sugar levels | | 8 | Bloating | | 9 | Abdominal pain | | 10 | Spotting or breakthrough bleeding | | 11 | Very rarely, serious cardiovascular effects like blood clots (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) |
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| alternatives | |
| contraindications | | 1 | Known or suspected pregnancy | | 2 | History of thromboembolic disorders | | 3 | Known hypersensitivity to the drug components | | 4 | Severe hepatic disease | | 5 | Smoking (or other risk factors) in certain age groups (consult physician) | | 6 | Certain pre-existing medical conditions (consult physician) |
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| interactions | Multiple interactions are possible. Always discuss all medications, supplements, and food intake with a healthcare professional. |
| warnings and precautions | Regular monitoring by a healthcare professional is necessary, especially for individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Regular check-ups are essential. |
| additional information | Information is for general knowledge and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional. |
| patient specific factors | Intended for use by women of childbearing age only. |
| further guidance | For contraception in male patients, a qualified healthcare provider can discuss suitable methods. |
