| name | Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCs) |
| classification | Hormonal Contraceptives |
| pharmacokinetics | COCs contain estrogen and progestin. Estrogen primarily inhibits FSH and LH secretion, suppressing ovulation. Progestin thickens cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Absorption is primarily through the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations typically observed within 1-2 hours. Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver. Excretion is through the kidneys and bile. |
| suggested dosage | Dosage varies based on the specific formulation. Consult a healthcare professional for appropriate recommendations. Typically, COCs are taken daily, at around the same time each day for optimal effectiveness. |
| indications | Prevention of pregnancy. May also be used to treat acne, irregular periods, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in some cases. |
| safety in pregnancy | Absolutely contraindicated if pregnancy is suspected or confirmed. Discontinue use immediately if pregnancy is suspected. |
| safety in breastfeeding | COCs can affect milk production and composition. Consult a healthcare professional to determine suitability. |
| side effects | | 1 | Nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, headaches, mood changes, bloating, weight changes (although generally mild), fluid retention, hypertension, and rarely blood clots | | 2 | Note: Individual responses can vary significantly. Contact a medical professional promptly if adverse effects are severe or persist. |
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| alternatives | |
| contraindications | | 1 | Known or suspected pregnancy | | 2 | History of blood clots (thromboembolism) | | 3 | Severe liver disease | | 4 | Certain types of migraines with aura | | 5 | Smoking (especially in women over 35) | | 6 | Hypertension | | 7 | Diabetes | | 8 | History of breast cancer or other estrogen-dependent cancers |
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| interactions | Certain medications (e.g., anticonvulsants, antibiotics) may reduce COC effectiveness. Consult a healthcare professional regarding any medications you are taking. |
| warnings and precautions | | 1 | Regular check-ups are recommended to monitor health and evaluate effectiveness. | | 2 | Report any unusual symptoms, including chest pain, abdominal pain, severe headache, vision changes, or sudden numbness/weakness. These may indicate serious conditions. | | 3 | COCs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections. | | 4 | Smoking significantly increases risk of cardiovascular events, especially in women over 35 taking COCs. | | 5 | Individual responses vary, so monitoring for side effects is essential. |
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| additional informations | Male patient aged 25 years and weight 70kg, COCs are not relevant as a treatment for the patient. COCs are intended for female use to prevent pregnancy. |
| patient details | |
