| drug details | | 1 | | name | Lisinopril | | Classification | ACE Inhibitor | | Pharmacokinetics | Lisinopril is primarily metabolized by the kidneys. Peak plasma concentrations are typically observed within 1-2 hours of oral administration. The elimination half-life is approximately 12 hours, although it can vary based on renal function. | | suggested dosage | | general guideline | Initial dose typically ranges from 10 mg orally once daily, titrated up to a maximum of 40 mg daily, depending on blood pressure response. Individualized dosing is crucial. |
| | indications | Hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI), diabetic nephropathy. | | Safety in pregnancy | Category D. Avoid use during pregnancy due to potential risks to the developing fetus. Discontinue promptly if pregnancy occurs. | | Safety in breastfeeding | Caution advised. The drug is excreted in breast milk and potential risks to the nursing infant must be considered. | | side effects | | 1 | Headache | | 2 | Dizziness | | 3 | Fatigue | | 4 | Cough (dry, persistent) | | 5 | Orthostatic hypotension | | 6 | Rash | | 7 | Nausea | | 8 | Vomiting | | 9 | Kidney problems | | 10 | Angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat): a serious potential side effect |
| | alternatives | | | contraindications | | 1 | Known hypersensitivity to lisinopril or other ACE inhibitors | | 2 | History of angioedema | | 3 | Bilateral renal artery stenosis | | 4 | Severe hepatic impairment |
| | interactions | | 1 | NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen): May reduce antihypertensive effects. | | 2 | Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone): May increase risk of hyperkalemia. | | 3 | Lithium: Lithium levels may increase with concurrent use. | | 4 | Potassium supplements: Increase risk of hyperkalemia | | 5 | Diuretics: May enhance hypotensive effect. |
| | warnings and precautions | | 1 | Monitor renal function regularly, especially in patients with pre-existing kidney disease. | | 2 | Monitor blood pressure closely during initiation and titration of dosage. | | 3 | Patients with a history of angioedema should use with caution. | | 4 | Monitor serum potassium, especially in patients on concomitant potassium-sparing diuretics or potassium supplements. |
| | additional informations | Consult a physician before initiating any medication for hypertension. This information is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. |
| | 2 | | name | Atenolol | | Classification | Beta-blocker | | Pharmacokinetics | Atenolol is primarily metabolized in the liver. Peak plasma concentrations typically occur within 2-4 hours of oral administration. The elimination half-life varies, but is generally around 6-7 hours. | | suggested dosage | | general guideline | Initial dose typically ranges from 25 mg once daily, titrated up to a maximum of 100 mg daily depending on blood pressure response. Individualized dosing is crucial. |
| | indications | Hypertension, angina pectoris, certain types of arrhythmias, and some forms of migraine. | | Safety in pregnancy | Category C. Use during pregnancy only if potential benefits outweigh potential risks to the fetus. Close monitoring is recommended. | | Safety in breastfeeding | Atenolol is excreted in breast milk. Potential risks to the nursing infant must be considered. | | side effects | | 1 | Fatigue | | 2 | Bradycardia | | 3 | Dizziness | | 4 | Bronchospasm (especially in patients with pre-existing respiratory conditions) | | 5 | Depression | | 6 | Cold extremities | | 7 | Sexual dysfunction |
| | alternatives | | | contraindications | | 1 | Sinus bradycardia | | 2 | Second or third-degree heart block | | 3 | Cardiogenic shock | | 4 | Bronchospastic diseases (asthma, COPD) | | 5 | Severe bradycardia | | 6 | Hypersensitivity to atenolol or other beta-blockers |
| | interactions | | 1 | Verapamil, diltiazem, or other calcium channel blockers (may cause bradycardia) | | 2 | Insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents (may mask hypoglycemic symptoms) | | 3 | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (may reduce the antihypertensive effect) |
| | warnings and precautions | | 1 | Monitor heart rate and blood pressure closely during initiation and titration | | 2 | Use with caution in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function | | 3 | Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided; dosage should be tapered gradually |
| | additional informations | Consult a physician before initiating any medication for hypertension. This information is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. |
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