| name | Bisoprolol |
| classification | Beta-blocker (cardioselective) |
| pharmacokinetics | | absorption | Rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically reached within 1-4 hours. | | distribution | Distributed throughout the body, with high concentrations in the heart and lungs. | | metabolism | Primarily metabolized in the liver, although a small portion is excreted unchanged in the urine. The major metabolite is pharmacologically inactive. | | excretion | Excretion primarily occurs via the liver, with a small portion excreted in the urine. |
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| suggested dosage | | initial | 2.5 mg once daily, titrated upward as needed to achieve desired effect. | | maintenance | 2.5-10 mg once daily, depending on individual needs. Higher doses are not necessarily more effective and may increase the risk of adverse effects. Dosages should be individualized based on blood pressure and symptoms. | | patient specific note | For a 70 kg male patient at 25 years old, initial dosing should be discussed with a physician as a personalized approach is important to avoid under or overdosing. |
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| indications | | 1 | Essential hypertension | | 2 | Angina pectoris | | 3 | Management of certain types of arrhythmias (especially supraventricular tachycardias) | | 4 | Post-myocardial infarction to reduce the risk of subsequent cardiac events |
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| safety in pregnancy | | category | Category C | | description | Bisoprolol may cause fetal harm if administered during pregnancy. Use should be considered only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk. Consult a physician for specific recommendations. | | further info | Careful monitoring of the mother and fetus throughout the pregnancy is crucial. |
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| safety in breastfeeding | | description | Bisoprolol may be excreted in breast milk. The decision to use the drug during breastfeeding should be made with caution, weighing the potential benefits against any potential risks to the infant. | | further info | Careful monitoring of the infant is recommended if the drug is used during breastfeeding, and close consultation with a physician is advised. |
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| side effects | | 1 | Bradycardia (slow heart rate) | | 2 | Hypotension (low blood pressure) | | 3 | Fatigue | | 4 | Dizziness | | 5 | Weakness | | 6 | Headache | | 7 | Cold extremities | | 8 | Bronchospasm (in patients with a history of asthma or COPD) | | 9 | Nausea | | 10 | Diarrhea |
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| alternatives | |
| contraindications | | 1 | Severe bradycardia or heart block | | 2 | Severe hypotension | | 3 | Bronchospastic conditions (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) | | 4 | Cardiogenic shock | | 5 | Significant peripheral arterial disease | | 6 | Hypersensitivity to bisoprolol or other beta-blockers |
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| interactions | | 1 | Other antihypertensives | | 2 | Calcium channel blockers | | 3 | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | | 4 | Digoxin | | 5 | Verapamil | | 6 | Drugs that prolong the QT interval |
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| warnings and precautions | | 1 | Careful monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate is essential, especially during the initial phase of treatment | | 2 | Patients with underlying respiratory conditions should be monitored closely | | 3 | Sudden withdrawal of bisoprolol should be avoided. Gradually reducing the dose under medical supervision is recommended | | 4 | Patients with diabetes may require closer monitoring of blood sugar levels | | 5 | Caution in patients with impaired liver or kidney function |
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| additional informations | Bisoprolol is not a first-line treatment for hypertension and the best course of treatment depends on the patient's unique medical history. It is important to follow the dosage instructions and discuss any side effects or concerns with a healthcare professional. |
