| name | ACE Inhibitors |
| Classification | Antihypertensive, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Inhibitors |
| Pharmacokinetics | ACE inhibitors are primarily metabolized by the liver. Absorption varies slightly between different drugs in this class. Most are administered orally and peak blood levels are typically reached within 1-4 hours. The duration of action varies depending on the specific ACE inhibitor. |
| suggested dosage | Dosage varies significantly depending on the specific ACE inhibitor and the patient's individual needs. It is crucial to follow the prescribed dosage by a healthcare professional. Initiation of therapy and titration to appropriate blood pressure control is essential, which may require frequent monitoring. Initial dosages should be low, and gradually increased as tolerated and directed by a doctor. Patient weight plays a role in determining appropriate dosages. A 70kg male patient at a starting dose will be different from a 90kg patient. |
| indications | | 1 | Hypertension | | 2 | Heart failure (in combination with other medications) | | 3 | Diabetic nephropathy (in some cases) | | 4 | Prevention of cardiovascular events (in some cases) |
|
| safety in pregnancy | ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy, particularly in the second and third trimesters. Use during the first trimester may be considered only with careful risk/benefit assessment. Fetal harm may occur and is highly likely if ACE inhibitors are used for extended duration of pregnancy. Women of childbearing age should use effective contraception while taking ACE inhibitors. |
| safety in breastfeeding | The use of ACE inhibitors during breastfeeding is generally not recommended. Consideration of risks to the infant should be balanced against the need for the medication. The best course of action is to discuss with the prescribing physician. Alternatives should be sought if possible. |
| side effects | | 1 | Dry cough (a common and often troublesome side effect) | | 2 | Headache | | 3 | Dizziness | | 4 | Fatigue | | 5 | Hypotension (low blood pressure, potentially serious) | | 6 | Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in blood - serious) | | 7 | Renal dysfunction (kidney problems) | | 8 | Angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or other body parts – serious) | | 9 | Rash or skin reactions |
|
| alternatives | |
| contraindications | | 1 | History of angioedema | | 2 | Severe kidney disease | | 3 | Bilateral renal artery stenosis | | 4 | Pregnancy (second and third trimesters) | | 5 | Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors |
|
| interactions | | 1 | Diuretics (can increase risk of hypotension) | | 2 | Potassium-sparing diuretics (increase risk of hyperkalemia) | | 3 | NSAIDs (can reduce effectiveness and increase risk of kidney damage) | | 4 | Lithium (can increase lithium levels, potentially toxic) | | 5 | Other medications for blood pressure or heart conditions |
|
| warnings and precautions | | 1 | Monitor blood pressure and kidney function closely, especially during the first few weeks of treatment | | 2 | Monitor for signs of hyperkalemia (muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat) | | 3 | Avoid abrupt discontinuation of the medication (may cause rebound hypertension) | | 4 | Caution is required in patients with impaired renal function | | 5 | Patients with a history of angioedema should be monitored closely. | | 6 | Consider the potential for side effects, and discuss potential alternatives. |
|
| additional informations | Different ACE inhibitors have slightly different pharmacokinetic profiles and potential side effects, so it is important to discuss individual suitability with a healthcare professional. It is essential to emphasize the importance of regular follow-up visits. |
| patient profile | |
